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TIME: Almanac 1995
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TIME Almanac 1995.iso
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1995-02-05
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<text id=91TT0569>
<title>
Mar. 18, 1991: Dogfight Over The Pentagon
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
Mar. 18, 1991 A Moment To Savor
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
TECHNOLOGY, Page 84
Dogfight over the Pentagon
</hdr><body>
<p>Lockheed and Northrop compete to build the Air Force's next
superjet--and capture one of the richest prizes in aviation
</p>
<p>By Philip Elmer-DeWitt--Reported by Jay Peterzell/Washington
and Edwin M. Reingold/Los Angeles
</p>
<p> Think you have watched the cutting edge of aerospace
technology at work in the gulf? Well, you haven't seen anything
yet, say test pilots participating in the U.S. Air Force's
Advanced Tactical Fighter program. Stowed in a secure hangar
at California's Edwards Air Force Base are hand-built
prototypes of what these pilots claim are the two hottest
fighter planes ever made. The flyers should know. For three
months, in separate flight tests, they have been putting the
experimental aircraft, designated YF-22 and YF-23, through their
paces: landing in crosswinds, performing stomach-churning 360
degrees rolls and blasting through the atmosphere at twice the
speed of sound.
</p>
<p> But the real high-stakes dogfight is largely being waged on
paper. A manufacturing team led by Lockheed, maker of the
YF-22, and another headed by Northrop, maker of the YF-23, have
each submitted 15,000 pages of data to the Air Force in an
effort to convince officials that each company's model is the
best candidate to replace the F-15 Eagle, the 15-year-old
long-range fighter that has been flying critical missions over
Kuwait and Iraq. The Air Force is scheduled to choose between
the two models on April 30. The winning team could take home an
order for 750 planes priced at $35 million apiece. (A Navy
version designed for carrier operations could yield orders for
an additional 550 aircraft.) "It's a hell of a competition,"
says a congressional staff member. "It should be, considering
the cost."
</p>
<p> The planes, which cost over a billion dollars to develop,
easily exceed the Air Force's stringent performance
requirements. Both can cruise at supersonic speeds without
having to resort to fuel-gulping afterburners, and they have
twice the range of the F-15. The aircraft use advanced
computerized controls and simplified screens to lighten the
pilot's work load. Both candidates incorporate the latest
radar-evading "stealthy" features. They pack as much as 20
times the data-processing power of an F-15 for spotting hostile
aircraft before being seen themselves.
</p>
<p> The planes have different strong points. Northrop's YF-23,
with its sharp, surprising lines, may be stealthier. Its
engines are slung under its wings, but their exhaust is sprayed
into troughs on the wings' upper surfaces to shield from
heat-seeking missiles, a technique borrowed from Northrop's B-2
Stealth bomber. The material surrounding the exhaust outlets
in the YF-23 can withstand a temperature of 540 degrees C (1000
degrees F), while the undersurface only a few inches away never
gets hotter than 140 degrees C (280 degrees F), making the
plane hard to detect by enemy infrared sensors. The slightly
smaller Lockheed YF-22 may be more maneuverable, thanks, in
part, to nozzles that direct the thrust of the engines' exhaust
this way and that. "Thrust vectoring," as this is called, helps
push the plane through sharp turns at very high and very low
speeds and lets it fly with its nose up at a sharp angle,
enabling the pilot to direct weapons from almost any position.
</p>
<p> Air Force officials say it is too early to tell which
aircraft has the edge. They are still running computer models
comparing each plane's performance against hypothetical
aircraft that the Soviets might build. One wild card: a
requirement tacked onto last year's authorization bill
instructing the Air Force to determine whether it needs the
Advanced Tactical Fighter at all or can instead make do with
upgrades of its existing fleet of F-15s and F-16s. That report
is expected in late April, about the same time the Air Force
is scheduled to choose the plane it thinks will rule the skies
into the next century.
</p>
<p>DOGFIGHT OVER THE PENTAGON
</p>
<p> LOCKHEED YF22
</p>
<list>
<item>Maximum speed: Mach 2.0 to 2.2
<item>Cruising speed: Mach 1.58
<item>Wingspan: 13 m
<item>Height: 5.5 m
<item>Length: 19 m
<item>Thrust: 15,900 kg
</list>
<p> The Lockheed fighter may be slightly more maneuverable,
thanks to "thrust vectoring," which helps it turn at very low
and very high speeds.
</p>
<p> NORTHROP YF23
</p>
<list>
<item>Maximum speed: Mach 2.0 to 2.2
<item>Cruising speed: Mach 1.61
<item>Wingspan: 13.2 m
<item>Height: 4.3 m
<item>Length: 20.5 m
<item>Thrust: 15,900 kg
</list>
<p> The Northrop model has some of the same features that help
the company's B-2 Stealth bomber evade radar detection and
heat-seeking missiles.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>